Abstract
Some time-reversal symmetric topological orders are anomalous in that they cannot be realized in strictly two-dimensional systems; instead, they can only be realized on the surface of three-dimensional symmetry-protected topological phases. We propose two quantities, which we call anomaly indicators, that can detect if a time-reversal symmetric topological order is anomalous in this sense. Both anomaly indicators are expressed in terms of the quantum dimensions, topological spins, and time-reversal properties of the anyons in the given topological order. The first indicator, , applies to bosonic systems while the second indicator, , applies to fermionic systems in the DIII class. We conjecture that , together with a previously known indicator , can detect the two known anomalies in the bosonic case, while can detect the anomaly in the fermionic case.
- Received 1 November 2016
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.136801
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