General relativistic electromagnetic and massive vector field effects with gamma-ray burst production

We propose a new energy extraction mechanism from the rotational energy of a Kerr-Newman black hole by a gravitating massive photon field generated by electromagnetic and gravitational field coupling effects. Numerical studies show that this mechanism that depends on the black hole rotation parameter, $a$, shows a clear dependence on the black hole mass, $M$, and charge, $Q$, and can extract energies up to $10^{54}\text{erg}$ for a black hole of the solar mass size. With this mechanism we can set a lower bound on the coupling $\xi \sim {10}^{-38}$ between electromagnetic and gravitational fields that might be used to explain the hypothetical extremely high energy release, $>{10}^{53}\text{erg}$, suggested by the observations of some gamma-ray bursts in the controversial “energy crisis” problem if and when gamma-ray bursts seem not to show evidence for collimated emission.

Figure 1

Isotropic radiated energy distribution of GRBs, $E_{\text{iso}}$, with respect to their redshift (see Ref. [22] and references therein). Red triangles indicate those GRBs that exhibit almost spherical emission (subenergetic, e.g., GRB 980425 and GRB 060218 [31]) or those whose optical follow-up provided evidence of no or a late characteristic break (see the compilation by Chandra and Frail [38]) and thus are supposed to have a low degree of collimation (see text). In this case $E_{\text{iso}}$ can give the correct order of magnitude of the radiated energy.