Abstract
Transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions, also abbreviated as TMDs, offer a three-dimensional picture of hadrons by taking the intrinsic transverse momentum of the parton into consideration. Hence, they are very important for us to understand the structure of hadrons. In this article, we calculate and summarize all TMDs of quark through the spectator model, from twist-2 to twist-4. Especially, we give complete results of TMDs at twist-4. We adopt a general analytical framework to calculate TMDs, with both scalar and axial-vector spectators being considered. All TMDs are calculated analytically in the light-cone coordinate, and single gluon rescattering is considered to generate T-odd TMDs. T-even TMDs are also calculated to this level, maybe for the first time. Different from the traditional point of view, the twist-4 TMDs can contribute to some physical observables like azimuthal asymmetries. An approximate formula of the Sivers asymmetry, including twist-4 TMDs, is given.
- Received 17 December 2020
- Revised 11 October 2021
- Accepted 25 October 2021
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.094043
Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.
Published by the American Physical Society