Subthreshold Erosion of an Organic Polymer Induced by Multiple Shots of an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser

T. Burian, J. Chalupský, V. Hájková, M. Toufarová, V. Vorlíček, S. Hau-Riege, J. Krzywinski, J.D. Bozek, C. Bostedt, A.T. Graf, U.F. Jastrow, S. Kreis, R.A. London, M. Messerschmidt, S. Moeller, R. Sobierajski, K. Tiedtke, M. de Grazia, T. Auguste, B. Carré, S. Guizard, H. Merdji, N. Medvedev, and L. Juha
Phys. Rev. Applied 14, 034057 – Published 22 September 2020

Abstract

Solids irradiated by energetic photons can be eroded in two modes, depending on the radiation intensity. High average, low-peak power sources, e.g., synchrotron radiation and high-order harmonics, induce desorption of the material at a low etch rate. In contrast, high-peak-power radiation from extreme ultraviolet and x-ray lasers usually causes a massive removal of the material even by a single shot. In this contribution, an effective material erosion is reported in PMMA exposed to multiple accumulated pulses generated by the free-electron x-ray-laser Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS, tuned at a photon energy of 830 eV in this study, operated in Menlo Park at Stanford, CA, USA) at a fluence below the single-pulse ablation threshold. The effect is caused by polymer-chain scissions initiated by single photons carrying enough energy to break the CC bounds. High efficiency of the erosion is supposed to occur due to a correlation of the single-photon effects. The subthreshold damage exhibits a nonlinear dose dependence resulting from a competition between chain scissions and cross-linking processes. The cross-linking is proven by Raman spectroscopy of the irradiated polymer. Two theoretical models of the x-ray free-electron-laser-induced erosion are suggested, which provide an excellent agreement with the experimental results.

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  • Received 13 August 2019
  • Revised 20 March 2020
  • Accepted 25 June 2020

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.034057

© 2020 American Physical Society

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Atomic, Molecular & OpticalCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied PhysicsPolymers & Soft Matter

Authors & Affiliations

T. Burian1,2,3,4,*, J. Chalupský1, V. Hájková1, M. Toufarová1,3, V. Vorlíček5, S. Hau-Riege6, J. Krzywinski7, J.D. Bozek7, C. Bostedt7, A.T. Graf7, U.F. Jastrow8, S. Kreis8, R.A. London6, M. Messerschmidt9, S. Moeller7, R. Sobierajski10, K. Tiedtke8, M. de Grazia11, T. Auguste12, B. Carré12, S. Guizard12, H. Merdji12, N. Medvedev1,3, and L. Juha1,3

  • 1Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
  • 2Department of Surface and Plasma Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
  • 3Laser Plasma Department, Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
  • 4Department of Spectroscopy, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
  • 5Department of Dielectrics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
  • 6Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
  • 7SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 8Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
  • 9BioXFEL STC, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
  • 10Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
  • 11Service Couches Minces, Saint-Gobain Recherche, 93303 Aubervilliers, France
  • 12Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (LIDYL), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France

  • *burian@fzu.cz

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Vol. 14, Iss. 3 — September 2020

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