Cu $K$ x-ray production as a function of projectile atomic number, energy, and incident charge state

Cu $K$ x-ray production cross sections for 1.7-MeV/amu C, N, O, and F ions were determined in the limit of vanishingly thin solid Cu targets. These data were used in a systematic study of the $Z_1$ dependence of Cu $K$ x-ray production for projectiles from H to Cl at 1.7 MeV/amu. Studies of the energy dependence of Cu $K$ x-ray production for F ions at 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, and 2.5 MeV/amu were also made for incident projectiles with 0, 1, and 2 initial $K$-shell vacancies. These data require the inclusion of electron transfer from the target $K$ shell to the projectile in addition to direct ionization of the target in order to explain the charge-state and $Z_1$ dependences of the x-ray-production cross sections.