Search for top squark and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a"natural"supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top quark (the top squark) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the top squark mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass.


1
The recent measurements of the properties of the new boson with mass around 126 GeV by ATLAS [1,2] and CMS [3,4] experiments confirm that it is consistent with the standard model (SM) Higgs boson.One of the most important problems in particle physics is now to understand why the boson's mass is so small compared to the Planck scale.Supersymmetry (SUSY) offers an elegant solution to this hierarchy problem.Although experimental searches have found no signs of it so far and the simplest SUSY models have become increasingly more constrained, there remain very large yet unprobed areas of SUSY parameter space that can still be "natural", i.e. have a fairly small amount of fine tuning.
The essential requirement of "natural" SUSY is that the masses of the superpartners of the top quark and the Higgs bosons, the top squark and the higgsinos, be light (see, e.g.[5,6]).This Letter describes a search we performed for events with a topology motivated by SUSY with a gauge mediated SUSY breaking (GMSB) model [7][8][9][10].Complete GMSB models are considered with a minimal number of accessible SUSY partners to satisfy the naturalness requirements, namely the right-handed top squark and higgsinos.
Pairs of higgsinos are produced either directly through electroweak production or through right-handed top squark-antisquark pairs (strong production) with cascade decays where i = 1, 2. The χ + 1 ( χ 0 2 ) subsequently decays into a very off-shell W + (Z) boson and a χ 0 1 .(Here, and in what follows, the charge-conjugate final states are also implied.)The near mass degeneracy of the higgsino states requires the off-shell boson decay products to be very soft.
The decay of the lightest neutralino in all cascades is where G is the gravitino.The branching fractions of χ 0 1 decays depend on SUSY parameters.For a significant portion of the parameter space, neutralino decays into Higgs bosons dominate.This includes regions of low tan β, the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two SUSY Higgs doublets, and negative values of the higgsino mass term µ [11].The final state of interest, therefore, has two Higgs bosons, some missing energy from the gravitinos escaping detection, and, in the case of strong production, two bottom (or top, if kinematically allowed) quarks from top squark decays, as shown in Fig. 1.SM backgrounds, e.g. from top quark pair production, are suppressed by taking advantage of the known Higgs boson mass and by considering the case when at least one of the Higgs bosons decays into two photons and at least two b-quarks are present from either Higgs or top squark decays.This approach also allows us to use diphoton mass sidebands for an estimate of the background from data, without sensitivity to the exact composition of the background, which is dominated by QCD production of γγbb events and γbb + j events with the jet being misidentified as a photon.
We use a data sample of 19.7 fb −1 collected during the LHC 8 TeV running with the CMS detector, which is described in detail elsewhere [12].The detector comprises a silicon pixel and strip tracker covering the pseudorapidity range |η| < 2.4 (where η = − ln[tan(θ/2)] and θ is the polar angle of the particle with respect to the counterclockwise proton beam direction) and electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, which cover |η| < 3.0 and |η| < 5.0, respectively.The tracking and calorimeter systems are housed inside a 3.8 T solenoidal magnet.Muon chambers are imbedded in the iron return yoke of the solenoid up to pseudorapidity of |η| < 2.4.Events are required to pass a suite of diphoton triggers that impose mild shower shape and isolation requirements and demand transverse energies (E T = E • sin θ) above 36 and 22 GeV for the leading and the sub-leading photon, respectively.
The signal is simulated for a grid of higgsino and top squark masses using the MADGRAPH 5 v.1.5.4 [13] and PYTHIA 6.4.22 [14] generators and fast simulation of the CMS detector [15].The next-to-leading order (NLO) cross sections (shown in Fig. 2) are calculated using PROSPINO 2.1 [16][17][18][19][20][21].The higgsino mass splittings m χ 0 2 − m χ +   Photon candidates are reconstructed from the energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter by grouping the calorimeter's data channels into superclusters [22,23].Photons are required to register in the barrel portion of the calorimeter (|η| < 1.4442) and to pass shower shape and isolation requirements.To reject electrons misidentified as photons, photons are also required not to have associated hit patterns in the pixel detector consistent with a track.Photon energies are calculated using multivariate regression [4,23].
The particle-flow (PF) algorithm [24] is used to reconstruct individual particles (PF candidates) in the events, combining all available sub-detector information in a coherent and optimal manner.Jets are reconstructed from the PF particles using the anti-k T [25] algorithm with a distance parameter of 0.5 and are required not to overlap with the two leading photons by imposing a requirement ∆R > 0.6, where ∆R = (∆φ) 2 + (∆η) 2 and φ is the azimuthal angle.Transverse momentum and η-dependent corrections to the jet energies are applied to account for residual effects of non-uniform detector response.The pileup contribution is estimated and subtracted from the jet energy using the jet area method [26] on an event-by-event basis.The combined secondary vertex (CSV) algorithm [27] is employed to identify jets that originate from a bottom quark.
The missing transverse energy (E miss T ) of the event is computed as the magnitude of the vectorial sum of the transverse momenta of all PF candidates [24].
Events are selected if they have at least two identified photons with transverse energies above 40 and 25 GeV for the leading and sub-leading photons, respectively.Events are also required to have at least two jets with transverse energy above 30 GeV and |η| < 2.4 and satisfying the loose (CSV-loose) b-tag requirements, at least one of which also must pass the medium (CSV-medium) requirement.The CSV-loose and CSV-medium working points have signal efficiencies of 80-85% and 50-75%, respectively, and mistag rates from light-flavor jets of 8-13% and 1-2%, respectively [27].
The events with diphoton mass between 120 and 131 GeV constitute the signal sample, while the events with mass between 103 and 118 GeV and between 133 and 163 GeV compose the lower sideband and upper sideband samples, respectively.
In the investigated SUSY signal, b-quark jets can originate from decays of the other Higgs boson and from decays of top squark.This is exploited by separating events into three categories with different expected background as follows: (i) events with at least one additional CSV-loose bquark jet in addition to the two (i.e.events with three or more b-quark jets), (ii) events for which the invariant mass of the two b-quark jets is within a Higgs mass window from 95 to 155 GeV, (iii) all other events.The distribution of signal events among the three categories depends on the top squark and higgsino masses.For small top squark-higgsino mass differences, most of the signal populates category (ii), while for large mass differences categories (i) and (iii) dominate.
The search is performed independently in the three categories and the results are combined, leading to as much as 35% improvement in expected SUSY cross section limits compared to the analysis without categorization.
The peaking background from the SM Higgs boson production with subsequent diphoton decay is found negligible using MC simulation.The diphoton mass sidebands are used to derive an estimate of all other SM background processes from data.
The diphoton distribution is fitted using a power law from 103 to 163 GeV [28].The region from 118 to 133 GeV, corresponding to the signal region plus the 2 GeV "buffers" on each side of the signal region, is excluded from the fitter's consideration to prevent potential signal from affecting the background estimate.The result of the fit is used to calculate the normalization of the background.The effects of various other fit functions have been explored, and the resulting changes in the estimated background yields are well within the uncertainty in the fit function integral from the power law fit.The fit and background estimates are done independently in all three event categories.
Binned background distributions of relevant kinematic variables are obtained for each event category separately from the lower and upper sidebands and are weighted according to the fit function integrals.This provides two independent estimates of the distribution of the SM background in the corresponding variable.No significant correlations are observed between the diphoton mass and other kinematic variables.However, to account for possible correlations, the background yield is conservatively assumed to be bounded by the independent background estimates from the upper and lower sidebands.The background prediction using this bound as a systematic uncertainty is calculated as follows.The main background estimate in each bin of a kinematic variable is formed by taking an average of the two background estimates from the sidebands.Half the difference between the two estimates is taken as a systematic uncertainty for that bin, so that the central value and its uncertainty spans the range between the two estimates coming from the lower and upper sidebands.For the main variable used in this analysis, E miss T , the background uncertainty is dominated by the statistical uncertainty in the sideband samples.The small correlation between the bin errors, originating from the common normalization from the fit, is taken into account during the statistical analysis described below.
The observed distributions of E miss T are shown in Fig. 3 separately for the three event categories, together with the background estimates from the above procedure and the expected distributions from three characteristic signal points.Table 1 shows the expected signal yields, background predictions, and observed event counts for the three event categories.The observations are in agreement with the background predictions.Since the data agree with the expected background we proceed to set limits on the SUSY model described above.The expected limits were calculated using a variety of kinematic variables and it was determined that E miss T is the single most sensitive variable.
The observed E miss T distributions for the three event categories, shown in Fig. 3, together with the signal and background expectations listed in Table 1, are used as input to the limit setting procedure.
A frequentist LHC-style profiled likelihood test statistic is used [29][30][31].For each model mass point, the modified frequentist CL S method is used to calculate upper limits on the cross section for the model.in integrated luminosity (2.6%) [32], the diphoton trigger efficiency (0.1%), the photon reconstruction and identification efficiency (1%), and the photon resolution uncertainty (1%) [4].All systematic uncertainties are correlated among the event categories and are treated as nuisance parameters in the likelihood, profiled according to their estimated value.Fig. 4 shows the limits on the GMSB model in the top squark-higgsino mass plane.Depending on the higgsino mass, and conservatively using the minus-one-standard-deviation value for the theoretical cross section [16], top squark masses below 360 to 410 GeV are excluded at a 95% confidence level, corresponding to the region to the left of the leftmost thin dashed black line in Fig. 4.
To summarize, a search for a "natural" SUSY scenario with light higgsinos and a top squark was performed, using Higgs tagging in the diphoton decay mode, in a final state containing at least two photons and two or more b-quark jets.No evidence for a signal is observed, and 95% confidence level limits are set in the top squark-higgsino mass plane, excluding a significant The regions to the left of the contours are expected (thick dash/red) and observed (solid/black) to be excluded at the 95% confidence level.Black dashed curves reflect the theoretical uncertainty on the cross section.Red dotted curves correspond to one standard deviation in expected sensitivity.portion of the "natural" parameter space up to top squark masses of 410 GeV.
We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort.In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses.Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWF and FWF (Austria);

B Other kinematic variables
In addition to E miss T , the following kinematic variables were studied: • S T , defined as a scalar sum of p T of all jets and photons in the event; • H T , defined as a scalar sum of p T of all jets in the event; • B T , defined as a scalar sum of p T of all b-quark jets in the event; • H miss T , defined as an absolute value of a vector sum of p T of all jets in the event; • p γγ T , defined as a p T of the Higgs boson canidate.Figures 8, 9, 11, 10, and 12 show the expected and observed distributions of these variables for the three event categories combined, together with expected signal contribution.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Example Feynman diagram of strong (left) and electroweak (right) higgsino production.The jets or leptons resulting from transitions between higgsinos are extremely soft in both diagrams due to the near mass degeneracy among the higgsinos.

1 and m χ + 1 − m χ 0 1 are set to 5
GeV, and a 100% branching fraction is assumed for the χ 0 1 → H G decay.All other superpartners have masses too heavy to influence SUSY production at 8 TeV.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Cross section times branching ratio Br(H → γγ) as a function of top squark and higgsino masses.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: E miss T distributions for the data, background predictions, and representative signals for the three event categories (i), (ii), and (iii) in frames (a), (b) and (c), respectively.For each histogram, the last bin includes the overflow.

Figure 4 :
Figure4: Limits on SUSY production cross sections for different top squark and higgsino masses.The regions to the left of the contours are expected (thick dash/red) and observed (solid/black) to be excluded at the 95% confidence level.Black dashed curves reflect the theoretical uncertainty on the cross section.Red dotted curves correspond to one standard deviation in expected sensitivity.

Figures 5 , 6 ,
Figures 5,6,and 7 show the diphoton mass distributions in the three event categories and the fits to a power law.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Diphoton mass distribution (points with errors) in event category (i) and the power law fit (thick red line).The interval from 118 to 133 GeV is excluded from the fit.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Diphoton mass distribution (points with errors) in event category (ii) and the power law fit (thick red line).The interval from 118 to 133 GeV is excluded from the fit.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Diphoton mass distribution (points with errors) in event category (iii) and the power law fit (thick red line).The interval from 118 to 133 GeV is excluded from the fit.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: S T distributions for the data, background prediction, and representative signals for the three event categories combined.The last bin includes the overflow.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: H T distributions for the data, background prediction, and representative signals for the three event categories combined.The last bin includes the overflow.

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: B T distributions for the data, background prediction, and representative signals for the three event categories combined.The last bin includes the overflow.

Figure 11 :
Figure 11: H miss T distributions for the data, background prediction, and representative signals for the three event categories combined.The last bin includes the overflow.

Figure 12 :
Figure 12: p γγ T distributions for the data, background prediction, and representative signals for the three event categories combined.The last bin includes the overflow.

Table 1 :
Expected and observed event counts.The yields for three signal points are shown for comparison indicating m t R and m χ 0