Spin Hall effects

Jairo Sinova, Sergio O. Valenzuela, J. Wunderlich, C. H. Back, and T. Jungwirth
Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 1213 – Published 27 October 2015

Abstract

Spin Hall effects are a collection of relativistic spin-orbit coupling phenomena in which electrical currents can generate transverse spin currents and vice versa. Despite being observed only a decade ago, these effects are already ubiquitous within spintronics, as standard spin-current generators and detectors. Here the theoretical and experimental results that have established this subfield of spintronics are reviewed. The focus is on the results that have converged to give us the current understanding of the phenomena, which has evolved from a qualitative to a more quantitative measurement of spin currents and their associated spin accumulation. Within the experimental framework, optical-, transport-, and magnetization-dynamics-based measurements are reviewed and linked to both phenomenological and microscopic theories of the effect. Within the theoretical framework, the basic mechanisms in both the extrinsic and intrinsic regimes are reviewed, which are linked to the mechanisms present in their closely related phenomenon in ferromagnets, the anomalous Hall effect. Also reviewed is the connection to the phenomenological treatment based on spin-diffusion equations applicable to certain regimes, as well as the spin-pumping theory of spin generation used in many measurements of the spin Hall angle. A further connection to the spin-current-generating spin Hall effect to the inverse spin galvanic effect is given, in which an electrical current induces a nonequilibrium spin polarization. This effect often accompanies the spin Hall effect since they share common microscopic origins. Both can exhibit the same symmetries when present in structures comprising ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers through their induced current-driven spin torques or induced voltages. Although a short chronological overview of the evolution of the spin Hall effect field and the resolution of some early controversies is given, the main body of this review is structured from a pedagogical point of view, focusing on well-established and accepted physics. In such a young field, there remains much to be understood and explored, hence some of the future challenges and opportunities of this rapidly evolving area of spintronics are outlined.

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  • Received 22 October 2014

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1213

© 2015 American Physical Society

Authors & Affiliations

Jairo Sinova

  • Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany and Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic

Sergio O. Valenzuela

  • ICN2—Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain, and ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain

J. Wunderlich

  • Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic and Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom

C. H. Back

  • Universität Regensburg, Universitätstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany

T. Jungwirth

  • Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom

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Issue

Vol. 87, Iss. 4 — October - December 2015

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