White organic light-emitting diodes: Status and perspective

Sebastian Reineke, Michael Thomschke, Björn Lüssem, and Karl Leo
Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 1245 – Published 30 July 2013

Abstract

White organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are ultrathin, large-area light sources made from organic semiconductor materials. Over the past decades, much research has been spent on finding suitable materials to realize highly efficient monochrome and white OLEDs. With their high efficiency, color tunability, and color quality, white OLEDs are emerging as one of the next-generation light sources. In this review, the physics of a variety of device concepts that have been introduced to realize white OLEDs based on both polymer and small-molecule organic materials are discussed. Owing to the fact that about 80% of the internally generated photons are trapped within the thin-film layer structure, a second focus is put on reviewing promising concepts for improved light outcoupling.

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  • Received 26 July 2012

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1245

© 2013 American Physical Society

Authors & Affiliations

Sebastian Reineke*

  • Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

Michael Thomschke, Björn Lüssem, and Karl Leo

  • Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, TU Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01062 Dresden, Germany

  • *reineke@mit.edu
  • Current address: Fraunhofer Research Institution for Organics, Materials and Electronic Devices COMEDD, Maria-Reiche-Strasse 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany.

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Issue

Vol. 85, Iss. 3 — July - September 2013

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