Nobel Lecture: The invention and early history of the CCD^*

Figure 1

(Color) Magnetic bubble serial shift register.

Figure 2

(Color) The Picturephone set and silicon diode array camera tube.

Figure 3

(Color) The basic MOS structure.

Figure 4

(Color) A plot of electron energy vs distance through the MOS capacitor.

Figure 5

(Color) Two closely spaced MOS capacitors.

Figure 6

(Color) The basic CCD structure.

Figure 7

The first CCD device.

Figure 8

(Color) The first integrated device.

Figure 9

Oscilloscope display of the output of the $8\text{-bit}$ device used as an imager.

Figure 10

(Color) Traps at the $\mathrm{Si}\text{−}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_2$ interface.

Figure 11

The buried channel CCD.

Figure 12

(Color) An area imaging CCD geometry.

Figure 13

(Color) The CCD Picturephone imaging chip and a self-contained camera.

Figure 14

(Color online) W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith, 1970.

Figure 15

(Color) An early linear imaging CCD.

Figure 16

(Color online) An aerial photograph taken with a Fairchild linear CCD.

Figure 17

(Color) An early four 1 Megabit CCD camera for an astronomical telescope.

Figure 18

A film photograph of the sky.

Figure 19

(Color) A CCD image of the same portion of the sky.