Abstract
Universal conductance fluctuations in wires and Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in loops are not symmetric about . The observation of asymmetry in the periodic oscillations is possible when the phase-coherence length of the wave function is comparable to the separation of the voltage probes. In both cases, four-probe measurements yield resistances which depend on lead configuration. The asymmetries appear like Hall voltages, and are consistent with Onsager's relations.
- Received 2 June 1986
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.1765
©1986 American Physical Society