Cesiation of W(001): Work Function Lowering by Multiple Dipole Formation

Rigorous, self-consistent, all-electron, full-potential linearized augmented plane wave studies reveal that the lowering of the W(001) work function upon cesiation arises from a complex multiple dipole formation mechanism: Essentially, Cs forms a metallic overlayer with its valence electrons strongly polarized and its $5p$ semicore shell polarized oppositely.