Rabi Regime of Current Rectification in Solids

We investigate rectified currents in response to oscillating electric fields in systems lacking inversion and time-reversal symmetries. These currents, in second-order perturbation theory, are inversely proportional to the relaxation rate, and, therefore, naively diverge in the ideal clean limit. Employing a combination of the nonequilibrium Green function technique and Floquet theory, we show that this is an artifact of perturbation theory, and that there is a well-defined periodic steady state akin to Rabi oscillations leading to finite rectified currents in the limit of weak coupling to a thermal bath. In this Rabi regime the rectified current scales as the square root of the radiation intensity, in contrast with the linear scaling of the perturbative regime, allowing us to readily diagnose it in experiments. More generally, our description provides a smooth interpolation from the ideal periodic Gibbs ensemble describing the Rabi oscillations of a closed system to the perturbative regime of rapid relaxation due to strong coupling to a thermal bath.

Figure 1

(a) Energy crossing between boosted valence and conduction bands in Floquet representation, (b) Depiction of underlying tight binding model with physical sites (red balls) which are tunnel coupled (solid lines) among themselves and with their own identical fermionic bath (blue balls).

Figure 2

(a) Rectified current dependence on frequency, and (b) on electric field amplitude for 3D Weyl fermion [$\mathbf{E}/|\mathbf{E}|=(0,i\sin \pi /8\sin \pi /4,\cos \pi /4+i\cos \pi /8\sin \pi /4)$], (c) Rectified current dependence on frequency, and (d) on electric field amplitude for 2D Dirac fermion $[\mathbf{E}/|\mathbf{E}|=(1,0),u_x/v_x=0.2,m=0.5{\epsilon }_F]$.