Nonequilibrium Luttinger Liquid: Zero-Bias Anomaly and Dephasing

A one-dimensional system of interacting electrons out of equilibrium is studied in the framework of the Luttinger liquid model. We analyze several setups and develop a theory of tunneling into such systems. A remarkable property of the problem is the absence of relaxation in energy distribution functions of left and right movers yet the presence of the finite dephasing rate due to electron-electron scattering, which smears zero-bias-anomaly singularities in the tunneling density of states.

Figure 1

Schematic view of setups for measurement of the TDOS of a LL out of equilibrium.

Figure 2

The ZBA in a LL, setups (b) and (c) with $a=\frac{1}{2}$, $\Lambda =1$, $T_{\eta }=0$, and $eV=0.1$, for $\gamma =0.1$, 0.2, and 0.25.