General neck condition for the limit shape of budding vesicles

The shape equation and linking conditions for a vesicle with two phase domains are derived. We refine the conjecture on the general neck condition for the limit shape of a budding vesicle proposed by Jülicher and Lipowsky [Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2964 (1993); Phys. Rev. E 53, 2670 (1996)], and then we use the shape equation and linking conditions to prove that this conjecture holds not only for axisymmetric budding vesicles, but also for asymmetric ones. Our study reveals that the mean curvature at any point on the membrane segments adjacent to the neck satisfies the general neck condition for the limit shape of a budding vesicle when the length scale of the membrane segments is much larger than the characteristic size of the neck but still much smaller than the characteristic size of the vesicle.

Figure 1

Geometric definition of $\epsilon$ in Eq. (3).

Figure 2

A vesicle with two phase domains.

Figure 3

Contour line of an axisymmetric vesicle.

Figure 4

Local surface in the vicinity of the neck.