Evidence for universality within the classes of deterministic and stochastic sandpile models

Ofer Biham, Erel Milshtein, and Ofer Malcai
Phys. Rev. E 63, 061309 – Published 23 May 2001
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Abstract

Recent numerical studies have provided evidence that within the family of conservative, undirected sandpile models with short range dynamic rules, deterministic models such as the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld model [P. Bak, C. Tang, and K. Wiesenfeld, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 381 (1987)] and stochastic models such as the Manna model [S. S. Manna, J. Phys. A 24, L363 (1991)] belong to different universality classes. In this paper we examine the universality within each of the two classes in two dimensions by numerical simulations. To this end we consider additional deterministic and stochastic models and use an extended set of critical exponents, scaling functions, and geometrical features. Universal behavior is found within the class of deterministic Abelian models, as well as within the class of stochastic models (which includes both Abelian and non-Abelian models). In addition, it is observed that deterministic but non-Abelian models exhibit critical exponents that depend on a parameter, namely they are nonuniversal.

  • Received 16 October 2000

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.63.061309

©2001 American Physical Society

Authors & Affiliations

Ofer Biham, Erel Milshtein, and Ofer Malcai

  • Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel

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Issue

Vol. 63, Iss. 6 — June 2001

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