• Open Access

Unitarity of loop diagrams for the ghostlike 1/(k2M12)1/(k2M22) propagator

Philip D. Mannheim
Phys. Rev. D 98, 045014 – Published 17 August 2018

Abstract

With fourth-order derivative theories leading to propagators of the generic ghostlike 1/(k2M12)1/(k2M22) form, it would appear that such theories have negative norm ghost states and are not unitary. However on constructing the associated quantum Hilbert space for the free theory that would produce such a propagator, Bender and Mannheim found that the Hamiltonian of the free theory is not Hermitian but is instead PT symmetric, and that there are in fact no negative norm ghost states, with all Hilbert space norms being both positive and preserved in time. Even though perturbative radiative corrections cannot change the signature of a Hilbert space inner product, nonetheless it is not immediately apparent how such a ghostlike propagator would not then lead to negative probability contributions in loop diagrams. Here we obtain the relevant Feynman rules and show that all states obtained in cutting intermediate lines in loop diagrams have positive norm. Also we show that due to the specific way that unitarity (conservation of probability) is implemented in the theory, negative signatured discontinuities across cuts in loop diagrams are canceled by a novel and unanticipated contribution of the states in which tree approximation (no loop) graphs are calculated, an effect that is foreign to standard Hermitian theories. Perturbatively then, the fourth-order derivative theory with propagator 1/(k2M12)1/(k2M22) is viable. Implications of our results for the pure massless 1/k4 propagator are also discussed.

  • Received 9 January 2018

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.045014

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

  1. Research Areas
Particles & Fields

Authors & Affiliations

Philip D. Mannheim*

  • Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA

  • *philip.mannheim@uconn.edu

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Issue

Vol. 98, Iss. 4 — 15 August 2018

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