Jacobi’s principle and the disappearance of time

Jacobi’s action principle is known to lead to a problem of time. For example, the timelessness of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation can be seen as resulting from using Jacobi’s principle to define the dynamics of 3-geometries through superspace. In addition, using Jacobi’s principle for nonrelativistic particles is equivalent classically to Newton’s theory but leads to a time-independent Schrödinger equation upon Dirac quantization. In this paper, we study the mechanism for the disappearance of time as a result of using Jacobi’s principle in these simple particle models. We find that the path integral quantization very clearly elucidates the physical mechanism for the timeless of the quantum theory as well as the emergence of duration at the classical level. Physically, this is the result of a superposition of clocks, which occurs in the quantum theory due to a sum over all histories. Mathematically, the timelessness is related to how the gauge fixing functions impose the boundary conditions in the path integral.