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Primordial black hole evaporation and dark matter production. I. Solely Hawking radiation

Andrew Cheek, Lucien Heurtier, Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez, and Jessica Turner
Phys. Rev. D 105, 015022 – Published 21 January 2022

Abstract

Hawking evaporation of black holes in the early Universe is expected to copiously produce all kinds of particles, regardless of their charges under the Standard Model gauge group. For this reason, any fundamental particle, known or otherwise, could be produced during the black hole lifetime. This certainly includes dark matter (DM) particles. This paper improves upon previous calculations of DM production from primordial black holes (PBH) by consistently including the greybody factors, and by meticulously tracking a system of coupled Boltzmann equations. We show that the initial PBH densities required to produce the observed relic abundance depend strongly on the DM spin, varying in about 2 orders of magnitude between a spin-2 and a scalar DM in the case of nonrotating PBHs. For Kerr PBHs, we have found that the expected enhancement in the production of bosons reduces the initial fraction needed to explain the measurements. We further consider indirect production of DM by assuming the existence of additional and unstable degrees of freedom emitted by the evaporation, which later decay into the DM. For a minimal setup where there is only one heavy particle, we find that the final relic abundance can be increased by at most a factor of 4 for a scalar heavy state and a Schwarzschild PBH, or by a factor of 4.3 for a spin-2 particle in the case of a Kerr PBH.

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  • Received 20 July 2021
  • Accepted 17 November 2021

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.015022

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Gravitation, Cosmology & AstrophysicsParticles & Fields

Authors & Affiliations

Andrew Cheek1,*, Lucien Heurtier2,†, Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez3,4,5,‡, and Jessica Turner2,§

  • 1Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology (CP3), Université catholique de Louvain, Chemin du Cyclotron 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
  • 2Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LF, United Kingdom
  • 3Theoretical Physics Department, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
  • 4Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
  • 5Colegio de Física Fundamental e Interdisciplinaria de las Américas (COFI), 254 Norzagaray street, San Juan 00901, Puerto Rico

  • *andrew.cheek@uclouvain.be
  • lucien.heurtier@durham.ac.uk
  • yfperezg@northwestern.edu
  • §jessica.turner@durham.ac.uk

See Also

Primordial black hole evaporation and dark matter production. II. Interplay with the freeze-in or freeze-out mechanism

Andrew Cheek, Lucien Heurtier, Yuber F. Perez-Gonzalez, and Jessica Turner
Phys. Rev. D 105, 015023 (2022)

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Vol. 105, Iss. 1 — 1 January 2022

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