Toward neutron-rich nuclei via transfer reactions with stable and radioactive beams

The possibilities of production of yet-undiscovered neutron-rich isotopes of Ca, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, Hf, W, Os, Hg, Pb, and Th are explored in various multinucleon transfer reactions with stable and radioactive beams. The probable projectile-target combinations and bombarding energies to produce these neutron-rich isotopes are suggested for future experiments.

Figure 1

The calculated cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{52,54,56,58}\mathrm{Ca}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{160}\mathrm{Gd}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (squares), ${}^{164}\mathrm{Dy}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (circles), ${}^{170}\mathrm{Er}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (triangles), ${}^{176}\mathrm{Yb}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (stars), ${}^{180}\mathrm{Hf}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (right-pointing triangles), ${}^{186}\mathrm{W}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (pentagons), ${}^{192}\mathrm{Os}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (inverted triangles). The solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 2

The calculated cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{52,54,56,58}\mathrm{Ca}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{204}\mathrm{Hg}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (squares), ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (circles), ${}^{232}\mathrm{Th}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ (triangles). The solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 3

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{166,168,170}\mathrm{Gd}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{160}\mathrm{Gd}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca},{}^{50}\mathrm{Ti},{}^{54}\mathrm{Cr},{}^{58}\mathrm{Fe},{}^{64}\mathrm{Ni},{}^{70}\mathrm{Zn},{}^{76}\mathrm{Ge},{}^{82}\mathrm{Se},{}^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$ with the stable beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions. The solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 4

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{170,172,174}\mathrm{Dy}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{164}\mathrm{Dy}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca},{}^{50}\mathrm{Ti},{}^{54}\mathrm{Cr},{}^{58}\mathrm{Fe},{}^{64}\mathrm{Ni},{}^{70}\mathrm{Zn},{}^{76}\mathrm{Ge},{}^{82}\mathrm{Se},{}^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$ with the stable beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 5

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{170,172,174,176,178}\mathrm{Dy}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{164}\mathrm{Dy}+{}^{64,66,68,70,72,74,76,78}\mathrm{Ni}$, ${}^{86,88,90,92,94}\mathrm{Kr}$ with the stable and radioactive beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 6

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{176,178,180}\mathrm{Er}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{170}\mathrm{Er}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca},{}^{50}\mathrm{Ti},{}^{54}\mathrm{Cr},{}^{58}\mathrm{Fe},{}^{64}\mathrm{Ni},{}^{70}\mathrm{Zn},{}^{76}\mathrm{Ge},{}^{82}\mathrm{Se},{}^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$ with the stable beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 7

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{182,184}\mathrm{Yb}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{176}\mathrm{Yb}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca},{}^{50}\mathrm{Ti},{}^{54}\mathrm{Cr},{}^{58}\mathrm{Fe},{}^{64}\mathrm{Ni},{}^{70}\mathrm{Zn},{}^{76}\mathrm{Ge},{}^{82}\mathrm{Se},{}^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$ with the stable beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 8

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{186,188}\mathrm{Hf}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{180}\mathrm{Hf}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca},{}^{50}\mathrm{Ti},{}^{54}\mathrm{Cr},{}^{58}\mathrm{Fe},{}^{64}\mathrm{Ni},{}^{70}\mathrm{Zn},{}^{76}\mathrm{Ge},{}^{82}\mathrm{Se}$ with the stable beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 9

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{186,188,190,192,194}\mathrm{Hf}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{180}\mathrm{Hf}+{}^{64,66,68,70,72,74,76,78}\mathrm{Ni}$ with the stable and radioactive beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 10

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{192,194}\mathrm{W}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{186}\mathrm{W}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca},{}^{50}\mathrm{Ti},{}^{54}\mathrm{Cr},{}^{58}\mathrm{Fe},{}^{64}\mathrm{Ni},{}^{70}\mathrm{Zn},{}^{76}\mathrm{Ge},{}^{82}\mathrm{Se}$ with the stable beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 11

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{196,198}\mathrm{Os}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{192}\mathrm{Os}+{}^{48}\mathrm{Ca},{}^{50}\mathrm{Ti},{}^{54}\mathrm{Cr},{}^{58}\mathrm{Fe},{}^{64}\mathrm{Ni},{}^{70}\mathrm{Zn},{}^{76}\mathrm{Ge},{}^{82}\mathrm{Se}$ with the stable beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 12

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{210,212,214,216}\mathrm{Hg}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{204}\mathrm{Hg}+{}^{64,66,68,70,72,74,76,78}\mathrm{Ni}$ with the stable and radioactive beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.

Figure 13

The predicted cross sections of the production of neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{214,216,218,220}\mathrm{Pb}$ in the transfer reactions ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}+{}^{64,66,68,70,72,74,76,78}\mathrm{Ni}$ with the stable and radioactive beams. The symbols correspond to the indicated reactions and solid lines trace the results for the same isotopes.