Abstract
Group theory analysis for two-dimensional elemental systems related to phosphorene is presented, including (i) graphene, silicene, germanene, and stanene; (ii) their dependence on the number of layers; and (iii) their two possible stacking arrangements. Departing from the most symmetric graphene space group, the structures are found to have a group-subgroup relation, and analysis of the irreducible representations of their lattice vibrations makes it possible to distinguish between the different allotropes. The analysis can be used to study the effect of strain, to understand structural phase transitions, to characterize the number of layers, crystallographic orientation, and nonlinear phenomena.
- Received 26 August 2014
- Revised 10 April 2015
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.205421
©2015 American Physical Society