Time-resolved ultrafast x-ray scattering from an incoherent electronic mixture

Time-resolved ultrafast x-ray scattering from photoexcited matter is an emerging method to image ultrafast dynamics in matter with atomic-scale spatial and temporal resolutions. For a correct and rigorous understanding of current and upcoming imaging experiments, we present the theory of time-resolved x-ray scattering from an incoherent electronic mixture using quantum electrodynamical theory of light-matter interaction. We show that the total scattering signal is an incoherent sum of the individual scattering signals arising from different electronic states, and therefore heterodyning of the individual signals is not possible for an ensemble of gas-phase photoexcited molecules. We scrutinize the information encoded in the total signal for the experimentally important situation when pulse duration and coherence time of the x-ray pulse are short in comparison to the time scale of the vibrational motion and long in comparison to the time scale of the electronic motion, respectively. Finally, we show that in the case of an electronically excited crystal the total scattering signal imprints the interference of the individual scattering amplitudes associated with different electronic states and heterodyning is possible.