Forbidden-line spectroscopy of the ground-state configuration of Cd-like W

By only using electric-dipole forbidden emission lines, in what we label forbidden-line spectroscopy, we identified several energy levels in cadmium-like tungsten, ${\mathrm{W}}^{26+}$. The spectrum was recorded at the Shanghai permanent-magnet electron beam ion trap in the visible region. The identifications were supported by large-scale multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock calculations which involved careful investigations of core-valence and core-core correlation effects, and by relativistic many-body perturbation theory calculations. With this novel method we identified in all seven lines and measured their wavelengths. From this we can determine the relative position of seven energy levels. Due to the close degeneracy of two levels, we give alternative energies for three of the levels.

Figure 1

Energy-level structure and the thirteen strongest $M1$ transitions within the $4f^2$ ground-state configuration of Cd-like W. The states are denoted by their dominating $LS$ component. Solid (red) lines correspond the $M1$ emission lines observed in this work.

Figure 2

Spectra taken at the Shanghai-PermEBIT, at the electron beam energies of 780, 830, 880, and 1100 eV with a beam current of 7.6 mA, while injecting W(CO)${}_6$. The lines marked 1, 2, and 4 belong to the $M1$ transitions ${}^3{F}_4\to {}^3{F}_3$, ${}^3{F}_4\to {}^1{G}_4$, and ${}^3{H}_5\to {}^3{H}_4$ from ${\mathrm{W}}^{26+}$, the line at 337.74 nm, marked 3, is from the ${\mathrm{W}}^{27+}$ $M1$ transition ${}^2{F}_{7/2}\to {}^2{F}_{5/2}$ and the line marked 5, at 391.44 nm, is the ${\mathrm{N}}^{2+}$ line, from residual gas inside the EBIT trap.