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Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?

A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen
Phys. Rev. 47, 777 – Published 15 May 1935
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Abstract

In a complete theory there is an element corresponding to each element of reality. A sufficient condition for the reality of a physical quantity is the possibility of predicting it with certainty, without disturbing the system. In quantum mechanics in the case of two physical quantities described by non-commuting operators, the knowledge of one precludes the knowledge of the other. Then either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum mechanics is not complete or (2) these two quantities cannot have simultaneous reality. Consideration of the problem of making predictions concerning a system on the basis of measurements made on another system that had previously interacted with it leads to the result that if (1) is false then (2) is also false. One is thus led to conclude that the description of reality as given by a wave function is not complete.

  • Received 25 March 1935

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777

©1935 American Physical Society

Authors & Affiliations

A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen

  • Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey

See Also

What’s Wrong with Quantum Mechanics?

David Lindley
Phys. Rev. Focus 16, 10 (2005)
Issue

Vol. 47, Iss. 10 — May 1935

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