Colloquium: Photons and electrons as emergent phenomena

Michael Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen
Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 871 – Published 7 September 2005

Abstract

Recent advances in condensed-matter theory have revealed that new and exotic phases of matter can exist in spin models (or more precisely, local bosonic models) via a simple physical mechanism, known as “string-net condensation.” These new phases of matter have the unusual property that their collective excitations are gauge bosons and fermions. In some cases, the collective excitations can behave just like the photons, electrons, gluons, and quarks in our vacuum. This suggests that photons, electrons, and other elementary particles may have a unified origin—string-net condensation in our vacuum. In addition, the string-net picture indicates how to make artificial photons, artificial electrons, and artificial quarks and gluons in condensed-matter systems.

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    DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.77.871

    ©2005 American Physical Society

    Authors & Affiliations

    Michael Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen*

    • Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

    • *URL: http:∕∕dao.mit.edu∕∼wen

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    Issue

    Vol. 77, Iss. 3 — July - September 2005

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