Frustrated total reflection: The double-prism revisited

Geometrical optics prohibits any penetration of light into an optically rarer medium in the case of total reflection. When sandwiching, however, the rarer medium between optically denser media, a transmitted beam can be observed in the third medium. The experiment is often realized by a double-prism arrangement [1]; the effect is called frustrated total reflection due to the enforced transmission. Amazingly, the reflected and transmitted beams are shifted with respect to geometrical optics as conjectured by Newton [2] and experimentally confirmed by Goos-Hänchen 250 years later [3]. However, inconsistent results on the spatial shifts have been reported [4-7]. Here we report on measurements of the Goos-Hänchen shift in frustrated total reflection with microwaves. We found an unexpected influence of the beamwidth and angle of incidence on the shift. Our results are not in agreement with both previous experiments [6,7] and theoretical predictions [8-10]. The topic of frustrated total reflection is important for both fundamental research and applications [11-13].