Best approximation to a reversible process in black-hole physics and the area spectrum of spherical black holes

The assimilation of a quantum (finite size) particle by a Reissner-Nordström black hole inevitably involves an increase in the black-hole surface area. It is shown that this increase can be minimized if one considers the capture of the lightest charged particle in nature. The unavoidable area increase is attributed to two physical reasons: the Heisenberg quantum uncertainty principle and a Schwinger-type charge emission (vacuum polarization). The fundamental lower bound on the area increase is $4ħ,$ which is smaller than the value given by Bekenstein for neutral particles. Thus this process is a better approximation to a reversible process in black-hole physics. The universality of the minimal area increase is further evidence in favor of a uniformly spaced area spectrum for spherical quantum black holes. Moreover, this universal value is in excellent agreement with the area spacing predicted by Mukhanov and Bekenstein and independently by Hod.