Effect of the location of Mn sites in ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1-x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_x\mathrm{As}$ on its Curie temperature

We report a strong correlation between the location of Mn sites in ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1-x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_x\mathrm{As}$ measured by combined channeling Rutherford backscattering and by particle-induced x-ray emission experiments and its Curie temperature. The concentrations of free holes determined by electrochemical capacitance-voltage profiling and of uncompensated ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ spins determined from superconducting quantum-interference device magnetization measurements are found to depend on the concentration of unstable defects involving highly mobile Mn interstitials. This leads to large variations in $T_C$ of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1-x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_x\mathrm{As}$ when it is annealed at different temperatures in a narrow temperature range. The fact that annealing under various conditions has failed to produce Curie temperatures above ∼110 K is attributed to the existence of an upper limit on the free hole concentration in low-temperature-grown ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1-x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_x\mathrm{As}.$